split linux distros to their own sections
This commit is contained in:
parent
813e5ab1c4
commit
ca9cfe7045
60
wiki/unix/alpine.m4
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60
wiki/unix/alpine.m4
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@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
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_header(`Alpine')
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<P>
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Alpine Linux is a small Linux distribution based on musl libc.
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Its main purpose is to serve as a server distribution, however many have found use for it as a desktop distribution.
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</P>
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_bibliography(`
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_bentr(`<A HREF="https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/contents">Alpine repositories content search</A>')
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')
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<H5>Bootstrapping</H5>
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<P>
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Alpine's bootstrapping procedure is quite manual; you should probably use _program(`setup-alpine').
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However, it is possible and quite easy to perform the steps manually.
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</P>
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<UL>
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<LI>Copy over the contents of _file(`/etc/apk/keys') to _file(`/mnt/etc/apk/keys')</LI>
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<LI>
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Add newline-delimited mirrors to _file(`/mnt/etc/apk/repositories'), such as these if you wish to use the _code(`edge') branch:
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<PRE>
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http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/main
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http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/community
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http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing
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</PRE>
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_code(`edge') may be replaced with a stable branch, the latest being _code(`v3.17') as of writing.
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</LI>
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<LI>
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Run _command(`apk --root /mnt add --initdb alpine-base').
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This is an ordinary _man(`apk-add(8)') call; you may wish to install necessities such as a kernel, firmware, and a bootloader at the same time.
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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Alpine does not have a _man(`chroot(1)') helper; you must manually do that with a one-liner such as
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_code(`for i in dev proc sys; do mount -o bind "/$i" "/mnt/$i"; done; cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc/resolv.conf')
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which you can chroot into.
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</P>
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<P>
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After chrooting in, you must configure basics such as users, passwords, _man(`fstab(5)'), and the bootloader yourself.
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</P>
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<H5>Always install manual pages</H5>
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<P>
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Alpine doesn't include man pages in program packages to save on space, instead keeping them in _code(`[<I>package</I>]-doc') sibling packages.
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To always install doc packages with program packages, _code(`apk add docs').
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</P>
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_subheader(`postmarketOS')
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<P>
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postmarketOS is an Alpine-based Linux software distribution that makes configuring and using Linux easy on mobile devices.
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</P>
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<H5>Random MAC address generation on Wifi</H5>
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<P>
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By default, postmarketOS will generate a random software MAC address when connecting to a new WLAN network.
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You can disable this by adding a NetworkManager rule.
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In _code(`/etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/') you can make a file with any name that has the following:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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[device]
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wifi.scan-rand-mac-address=no
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</PRE>
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<P>
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On a live system you can then _code(`rc-service networkmanager restart') to restart NetworkManager and have it load the new configuration.
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</P>
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70
wiki/unix/arch.m4
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70
wiki/unix/arch.m4
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_header(`Arch')
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<P>
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Arch is known for using the latest versions of programs, which has given it an undeserved reputation of instability.
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</P>
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_subheader(`Bootstrapping')
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<P>
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Use _man(`pacstrap(8)').
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</P>
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<P>
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At a minimum you need the _code(`base') package.
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Select a kernel and install the corresponding package; _code(`linux'), _code(`linux-lts'), or another Linux configuration or fork.
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The Arch wiki says you need to install _code(`linux-firmware'), this isn't strictly necessary but it is recommended.
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Install _code(`base-devel') if you plan on using the AUR or if you don't know what the AUR is yet.
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</P>
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<P>
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It's also a good idea to install any utilities you'll need on the bootstrapped system.
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Text editors, network managers or utilities, and other administration tools, for example.
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Manual utilities such as _code(`man-db') and others would also be useful.
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</P>
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<H5>Ubiquitous packages missing</H5>
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<P>From the annals of my notes, 2021-06-04:</P>
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<PRE>
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Had an issue with pacman missing some ubiquitous packages (esr's 'ascii', xorg-xev, etc).
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This fixed it. I don't really know why - maybe some issues with my repos?
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This was cleanly installed artix-openrc.
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[5:46 PM] Bassman Leyla: So what I did is I went into /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch and uncommented a local mirror
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[5:46 PM] Bassman Leyla: Then I appended a config block a package maintainer gave me onto /etc/pacman.conf
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[5:46 PM] Bassman Leyla: I'll paste it in
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[5:47 PM] Bassman Leyla:
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'''
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#
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# ARCHLINUX
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#
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#[testing]
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#Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch
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[extra]
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Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch
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#[community-testing]
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#Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch
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[community]
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Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch
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#[multilib-testing]
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#Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch
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#[multilib]
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#Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch
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'''
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</PRE>
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_subheader(`Artix')
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_bibliography(`
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_bentr(`<A HREF="https://artixlinux.org/">Artix Linux</A>')
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_bentr(`<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artix_Linux">Artix Linux</A> (Wikipedia)')
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')
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<P>
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Artix is a Linux software distribution based on Arch that doesn't mandate SystemD as its initialization system.
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</P>
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_subsubheader(`Bootstrapping')
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<P>
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This process differs from Arch's bootstrapping process.
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Artix uses _man(`basestrap(8)') rather than _man(`pacstrap(8)');
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you need to select the initialization you want to use: _code(`66'), _code(`dinit'), _code(`openrc'), _code(`runit'), or _code(`s6-base'), as a package separate from _code(`base');
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and Artix's official wiki says you need to install the appropriate _link(`#logind', `_code(`elogind')') package (_code(`elogind-[<I>initialization system</I>]') e.g. _code(`elogind-66')) but like _code(`linux-firmware') though it is helpful it isn't strictly necessary.
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</P>
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22
wiki/unix/debian.m4
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22
wiki/unix/debian.m4
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@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
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_header(`Debian')
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_bibliography(`
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_bentr(`_link(`Debian', `https://www.debian.org/')')
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_bentr(`_link(`Debian', `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian') (Wikipedia)')
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')
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<P>
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Debian is a software distribution that can use _ref(`#linux') or the GNU HURD as its kernel.
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In the past, FreeBSD's kernel was also an option.
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Debian is known for its stability and longevity.
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Debian uses SystemD as its initialization system, the GNU core utilities, and dpkg and apt for package management.
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</P>
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<P>
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The vast majority of support and attention is on the Debian GNU+Linux configuration.
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</P>
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_subheader(`Ubuntu')
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="https://securitylab.github.com/research/Ubuntu-gdm3-accountsservice-LPE/">How to get root on Ubuntu 20.04 by pretending nobody's /home</A></LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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Ubuntu is a derivative of Debian.
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</P>
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@ -9,10 +9,16 @@ include(`posix.m4')
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include(`acpi.m4')
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include(`alpine.m4')
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include(`arch.m4')
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include(`C.m4')
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include(`culture.m4')
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include(`debian.m4')
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include(`doas.m4')
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include(`editing.m4')
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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_header(`Linux')
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_bibliography(`
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<UL>
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_bentr(`_link(`How to Linux', `http://tldp.yolinux.com/HOWTO/subdir/HOWTO-INDEX.html')')
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_bentr(`_link(`How to Use User Mode Linux', `https://christine.website/blog/howto-usermode-linux-2019-07-07')')
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_bentr(`<A HREF="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/linux.history.html">LINUX's History</A>')
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@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ _bentr(`_link(`The Linux Kernel documentation', `https://www.kernel.org/doc/html
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_bentr(`_link(`LINUX is obsolete', `https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.minix/c/wlhw16QWltI')')
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_bentr(`_link(`Linux From Scratch', `http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/')')
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_bentr(`_link(`Move your Linux from BIOS to UEFI in place', `https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/bios-uefi')')
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_bentr(`<A HREF="https://www.collabora.com/news-and-blog/blog/2020/08/27/using-the-linux-kernel-case-insensitive-feature-in-ext4/">Using the Linux kernel's Case-insensitive feature in Ext4</A>')
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')
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<LI><A HREF="https://www.collabora.com/news-and-blog/blog/2020/08/27/using-the-linux-kernel-case-insensitive-feature-in-ext4/">Using the Linux kernel's Case-insensitive feature in Ext4</A></LI>
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</UL>
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_subheader(`ACPI')
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_bibliography(`
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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ _subheader(`Audio')
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<P>
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Most audio servers recommend that they be run in userspace with user privileges, with PulseAudio going so far as to exiting when run as root without additional configuration.
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The Alpine wiki currently recommends _man(`pipewire(1)'), with postmarketOS, which is based on Alpine, coming pre-configured with PipeWire.
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PipeWire is relatively new and the typical audio server used is PulseAudio; Debian and many popular Debian-based distributions come pre-configured with PulseAudio.
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PipeWire is relatively new and the typical audio server used is PulseAudio; _ref(`#debian') and many popular Debian-based distributions come pre-configured with PulseAudio.
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</P>
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_subsubheader(`ALSA')
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_bibliography(`
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@ -78,156 +78,10 @@ _subheader(`Distributions')
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<P>
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Linux is usually obtained as part of a software distribution put together to form a useable operating system.
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</P>
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_subsubheader(`Alpine')
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<P>
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Alpine Linux is a small Linux distribution based on musl libc.
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Its main purpose is to serve as a server distribution, however many have found use for it as a desktop distribution.
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</P>
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_bibliography(`
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_bentr(`<A HREF="https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/contents">Alpine repositories content search</A>')
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')
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<H5>Bootstrapping</H5>
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<P>
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Alpine's bootstrapping procedure is quite manual; you should probably use _program(`setup-alpine').
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However, it is possible and quite easy to perform the steps manually.
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</P>
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<UL>
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<LI>Copy over the contents of _file(`/etc/apk/keys') to _file(`/mnt/etc/apk/keys')</LI>
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<LI>
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Add newline-delimited mirrors to _file(`/mnt/etc/apk/repositories'), such as these if you wish to use the _code(`edge') branch:
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<PRE>
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http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/main
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http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/community
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http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing
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</PRE>
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_code(`edge') may be replaced with a stable branch, the latest being _code(`v3.17') as of writing.
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</LI>
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<LI>
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Run _command(`apk --root /mnt add --initdb alpine-base').
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This is an ordinary _man(`apk-add(8)') call; you may wish to install necessities such as a kernel, firmware, and a bootloader at the same time.
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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Alpine does not have a _man(`chroot(1)') helper; you must manually do that with a one-liner such as
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_code(`for i in dev proc sys; do mount -o bind "/$i" "/mnt/$i"; done; cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc/resolv.conf')
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which you can chroot into.
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</P>
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<P>
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After chrooting in, you must configure basics such as users, passwords, _man(`fstab(5)'), and the bootloader yourself.
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</P>
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<H5>Always install manual pages</H5>
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<P>
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Alpine doesn't include man pages in program packages to save on space, instead keeping them in _code(`[<I>package</I>]-doc') sibling packages.
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To always install doc packages with program packages, _code(`apk add docs').
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</P>
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_subsubheader(`Arch')
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<P>
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Arch is known for using the latest versions of programs, which has given it an undeserved reputation of instability.
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</P>
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<H5>Bootstrapping</H5>
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<P>
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Use _man(`pacstrap(8)').
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</P>
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<P>
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At a minimum you need the _code(`base') package.
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Select a kernel and install the corresponding package; _code(`linux'), _code(`linux-lts'), or another Linux configuration or fork.
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The Arch wiki says you need to install _code(`linux-firmware'), this isn't strictly necessary but it is recommended.
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Install _code(`base-devel') if you plan on using the AUR or if you don't know what the AUR is yet.
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</P>
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<P>
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It's also a good idea to install any utilities you'll need on the bootstrapped system.
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Text editors, network managers or utilities, and other administration tools, for example.
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Manual utilities such as _code(`man-db') and others would also be useful.
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</P>
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<H5>Ubiquitous packages missing</H5>
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<P>From the annals of my notes, 2021-06-04:</P>
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<PRE>
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Had an issue with pacman missing some ubiquitous packages (esr's 'ascii', xorg-xev, etc).
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This fixed it. I don't really know why - maybe some issues with my repos?
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This was cleanly installed artix-openrc.
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[5:46 PM] Bassman Leyla: So what I did is I went into /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch and uncommented a local mirror
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[5:46 PM] Bassman Leyla: Then I appended a config block a package maintainer gave me onto /etc/pacman.conf
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[5:46 PM] Bassman Leyla: I'll paste it in
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[5:47 PM] Bassman Leyla:
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'''
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#
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# ARCHLINUX
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#
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#[testing]
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#Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch
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[extra]
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Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch
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#[community-testing]
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#Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch
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[community]
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Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch
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#[multilib-testing]
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#Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch
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#[multilib]
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#Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist-arch
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'''
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</PRE>
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_subsubheader(`Artix')
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_bibliography(`
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_bentr(`<A HREF="https://artixlinux.org/">Artix Linux</A>')
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_bentr(`<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artix_Linux">Artix Linux</A> (Wikipedia)')
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')
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<P>
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Artix is a Linux software distribution based on Arch that doesn't mandate SystemD as its initialization system.
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</P>
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<H5>Bootstrapping</H5>
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<P>
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This process differs from Arch's bootstrapping process.
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Artix uses _man(`basestrap(8)') rather than _man(`pacstrap(8)');
|
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you need to select the initialization you want to use: _code(`66'), _code(`dinit'), _code(`openrc'), _code(`runit'), or _code(`s6-base'), as a package separate from _code(`base');
|
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and Artix's official wiki says you need to install the appropriate _link(`#logind', `_code(`elogind')') package (_code(`elogind-[<I>initialization system</I>]') e.g. _code(`elogind-66')) but like _code(`linux-firmware') though it is helpful it isn't strictly necessary.
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</P>
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_subsubheader(`Debian')
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_bibliography(`
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_bentr(`<A HREF="https://www.debian.org/">Debian</A>')
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_bentr(`<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian">Debian</A> (Wikipedia)')
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')
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<P>
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Debian is known for its stability and longevity.
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Debian uses SystemD as its initialization system, the GNU core utilities, and dpkg and apt for package management.
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</P>
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<P>
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While it's possible to use non-Linux kernels within Debian, it's uncommon and the only non-Linux option currently maintained is the GNU HURD microkernel.
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</P>
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_subsubheader(`postmarketOS')
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<P>
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postmarketOS is an Alpine-based Linux software distribution that makes configuring and using Linux easy on mobile devices.
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</P>
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<H5>Random MAC address generation on Wifi</H5>
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<P>
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By default, postmarketOS will generate a random software MAC address when connecting to a new WLAN network.
|
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You can disable this by adding a NetworkManager rule.
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In _code(`/etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/') you can make a file with any name that has the following:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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[device]
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wifi.scan-rand-mac-address=no
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</PRE>
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<P>
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On a live system you can then _code(`rc-service networkmanager restart') to restart NetworkManager and have it load the new configuration.
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</P>
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_subsubheader(`Ubuntu')
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_bibliography(`
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_bentr(`<A HREF="https://securitylab.github.com/research/Ubuntu-gdm3-accountsservice-LPE/">How to get root on Ubuntu 20.04 by pretending nobody's /home</A>')
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')
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<P>
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Ubuntu is a derivative of Debian.
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</P>
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_subsubheader(_ref(`#alpine'))
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_subsubheader(_ref(`#arch'))
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_subsubheader(_ref(`#debian'))
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_subheader(`logind')
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_bibliography(`
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