82 lines
6.5 KiB
Plaintext
82 lines
6.5 KiB
Plaintext
_header(`UNIX')
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_bibliography(`
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_bentr(`_link(`Rudd Canaday', `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudd_Canaday') (Wikipedia)')
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_bentr(`_link(`History and Timeline', `https://unix.org/what_is_unix/history_timeline.html')')
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_bentr(`_link(`Douglas McIlroy', `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy') (Wikipedia)')
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_bentr(`_link(`Joe Ossanna', `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ossanna') (Wikipedia)')
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_bentr(`_link(`A Research Unix Reader', `https://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf')')
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_bentr(`_link(`Dennis Ritchie', `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie') (Wikipedia)')
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_bentr(`_link(`Ken Thompson', `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson') (Wikipedia)')
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_bentr(`_link(`Unix', `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix') (Wikipedia)')
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_bentr(`_link(`unix-history-repo', `https://github.com/dspinellis/unix-history-repo') (GitHub)')
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_bentr(`_link(`The UNIX Time-sharing System - A Retrospective', `https://web.archive.org/web/20080504013206/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/retro.html')')
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')
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_passage(`Wikipedia', `<P>
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Unix (/ˈjuːnɪks/; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others.
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</P>')
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_subheader(`V1')
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_bibliography(`
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_bentr(`_link(`The Creation of the UNIX Operating System', `https://web.archive.org/web/20140402192351/http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/')')
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_bentr(`_link(`The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System', `https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/hist.html')')
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_bentr(`_link(`The History of Unix', `https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-08/page/n189/')')
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_bentr(`_link(`In their own words: Unix pioneers remember the good times', `https://www.networkworld.com/article/2168942/in-their-own-words--unix-pioneers-remember-the-good-times.html')')
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_bentr(`_link(`Interview with Brian Kernighan', `https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7035')')
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_bentr(`_link(`Interview with Ken Thompson, 9-6-89', `https://tuhs.v6sh.org/UnixArchiveMirror/Documentation/OralHistory/transcripts/thompson.htm')')
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_bentr(`_link(`Myths about Multics', `https://www.multicians.org/myths.html')')
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_bentr(`_link(`Preliminary Unix Implementation Document - June 1972', `http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bellLabs/unix/PreliminaryUnixImplementationDocument_Jun72.pdf')')
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_bentr(`_link(`Unix and Beyond: An Interview with Ken Thompson', `http://cse.unl.edu/~witty/class/csce351/howto/ken_thompson.pdf')')
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_bentr(`_link(`Unix History', `https://livinginternet.com/i/iw_unix_dev.htm')')
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_bentr(`_link(`Unix and Multics', `https://www.multicians.org/unix.html')')
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_bentr(`_link(`The Unix Oral History Project', `https://web.archive.org/web/20080919055843/http://www.princeton.edu:80/~mike/expotape.htm')')
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_bentr(`<A HREF="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bellLabs/unix/UNIX_ProgrammersManual_Nov71.pdf">UNIX Programmers Manual - November 1971</A>')
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')
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<P>
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UNIX was an operating systems experiment started when Bell Labs started to leave the Multics project because most of their community felt Multics hadn't delivered what it promised,
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its titular _italic(`mult')iplexed _italic(`i')nformation and _italic(`c')omputing _italic(`s')ervice.
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The Bell Labs engineers working on Multics at the time (Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Malcolm Douglas McIlroy, and Joseph Frank Ossanna) had realized Multics' goal as a system but at an unsustainable cost,
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so, reading the writing on the wall, they began working on a new operating system and unsuccessfully lobbying Bell Labs for their own computer on which to work.
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Thompson, Rudd H. Canaday, and Ritchie developed a heirarchical file system and Thompson simulated it on Multics.
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Thompson also developed _cite(`Space Travel'), first for Multics, then for another operating system where it ran poorly.
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Hoping to be able to continue to work on _cite(`Space Travel'), which simulated the movements of the major cellestial bodies of the Solar System and allowed the player to roam in a starship among them, past Multics' demise at Bell Labs,
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Thompson rewrote the game to run on a spare PDP-7 at Bell.
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Having written so much code already to get the PDP-7 to work, Thompson started to work on other things for it; a file system, some utilities for it, a command interpreter, and an assembler.
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Then, mid-1970, Brian Kernighan named the non-multiplexing Multics workalike _italic(`Unics'), which was somehow (see _cite(`Interview with Brian Kernighan')) bastardized into _italic(`Unix').
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</P>
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_passage(`History and Timeline', `1971; First Edition; It had a assembler for a PDP-11/20, file system, fork(), roff and ed. It was used for text processing of patent documents.')
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_subheader(`V4')
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_passage(`History and Timeline', 1973; Fourth Edition; It was rewritten in C. This made it portable and changed the history of OS's.)
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_subheader(`V5')
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_bibliography(`
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_bentr(`_link(`The UNIX time-sharing system', `https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/361011.361061')')
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')
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_passage(`Unix and Multics',
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`<P>
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There had been a highly regarded ACM SIGOPS sponsored conference on operating systems at Gatlinburg, Tennessee in 1967.
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The fourth of these conferences was held in Yorktown Heights, NY in 1973, and Ken and Dennis gave a talk there, presenting Unix.
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Several of us Multicians went to the conference, and sat with the Bell Labs ex-Multicians, and applauded the paper, which was and remains one of the best and clearest pieces of writing in the computer field.
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There were some other great papers at that conference, but as I remember, the Unix paper won the best paper award.
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</P>'
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<P>
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I was working for MIT in those days`,' and one thing I did was to organize an MIT PDP-11 users' group and encourage them to look into Unix.
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The idea of a free`,' non-vendor-supported operating system was new to them.
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I invited Dennis Ritchie to come up and talk to them.
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</P>
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<P>
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We went to lunch afterward`,' and I remarked to Dennis that easily half the code I was writing in Multics was error recovery code.
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He said`,' "We left all that stuff out. If there's an error`,' we have this routine called panic()`,' and when it is called`,' the machine crashes`,' and you holler down the hall`,' 'Hey`,' reboot it.'"
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</P>
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)
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_subheader(`V6')
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_bibliography(`
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_bentr(`_link(`Unix Sixth Edition root tree', `https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V6')')
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')
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_subheader(`V7')
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_bibliography(`
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_bentr(`_link(`Unix Advertising', `https://archive.ph/20130102004255/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/unixad.html') (_link(`Original link', `http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/unixad.html'))')
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')
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