considering a different project directory struture

inspired by freebsd source tree

Makefile

@@ -1,114 +1,44 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2023–2024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
 # Copyright (c) 2023–2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
 # Copyright (c) 2023 Sasha Koshka <sashakoshka@tebibyte.media>
+# Copyright (c) 2024 Aaditya Aryal <aryalaadi123@gmail.com>
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: FSFAP
 #
 # Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are
 # permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and this
 # notice are preserved.  This file is offered as-is, without any warranty.
 
-.POSIX:
+#.POSIX:
-.PRAGMA: posix_202x # future POSIX standard support à la pdpmake(1)
-.PRAGMA: command_comment # breaks without this?
 
-PREFIX=/usr/local
+include config.mk
-
-CC=cc
-RUSTC=rustc
 
 .PHONY: all
-all: dj false fop hru intcmp rpn scrut str strcmp true
+all: prepare
+	@$(MAKE) -C lib
+	@$(MAKE) -C bin
 
-build:
+
+.PHONY: prepare 
+prepare:
 	# keep build/include until bindgen(1) has stdin support
 	# https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-bindgen/issues/2703
 	mkdir -p build/bin build/include build/lib build/o build/test
 
 .PHONY: clean
 clean:
-	rm -rf build/ dist/
+	rm -rf build dist
 
 dist: all
-	mkdir -p dist/bin dist/share/man/man1
+	mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)/$(PREFIX)/bin $(DESTDIR)/$(PREFIX)/share/man/man1
-	cp build/bin/* dist/bin/
+	cp build/bin/* $(DESTDIR)/$(PREFIX)/bin
-	cp docs/*.1 dist/share/man/man1/
+	cp bin/*/*.1 $(DESTDIR)/$(PREFIX)/share/man/man1
+
 
 .PHONY: install
 install: dist
-	mkdir -p $(PREFIX)
+	cp -r $(DESTDIR)/* /
-	cp -r dist/* $(PREFIX)/
 
 .PHONY: test
-test: build
+test: prepare
 	tests/posix-compat.sh
 	$(RUSTC) --test src/getopt-rs/lib.rs -o build/test/getopt
-
-build/o/libsysexits.rlib: build
-	# bandage solution until bindgen(1) gets stdin support
-	printf '#define EXIT_FAILURE 1\n' | cat - include/sysexits.h \
-		> build/include/sysexits.h 
-	bindgen --default-macro-constant-type signed --use-core --formatter=none \
-		"$$(printf '#include <sysexits.h>\n' \
-			| cpp -M -idirafter "build/include" - \
-			| sed 's/ /\n/g' | grep sysexits.h)" \
-		| $(RUSTC) $(RUSTFLAGS) --crate-type lib -o build/o/libsysexits.rlib -
-
-build/o/libgetopt.rlib: src/getopt-rs/lib.rs
-	$(RUSTC) $(RUSTFLAGS) --crate-type=lib --crate-name=getopt \
-		-o build/o/libgetopt.rlib src/getopt-rs/lib.rs
-
-.PHONY: dj
-dj: build/bin/dj
-build/bin/dj: src/dj.c build
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ src/dj.c
-
-.PHONY: false
-false: build/bin/false
-build/bin/false: src/false.c build
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ src/false.c
-
-.PHONY: fop
-fop: build/bin/fop
-build/bin/fop: src/fop.rs build build/o/libgetopt.rlib build/o/libsysexits.rlib
-	$(RUSTC) $(RUSTFLAGS) --extern getopt=build/o/libgetopt.rlib \
-		--extern sysexits=build/o/libsysexits.rlib \
-		-o $@ src/fop.rs
-
-.PHONY: hru
-hru: build/bin/hru
-build/bin/hru: src/hru.rs build build/o/libgetopt.rlib build/o/libsysexits.rlib
-	$(RUSTC) $(RUSTFLAGS) --extern getopt=build/o/libgetopt.rlib \
-		--extern sysexits=build/o/libsysexits.rlib \
-		-o $@ src/hru.rs
-
-.PHONY: intcmp
-intcmp: build/bin/intcmp
-build/bin/intcmp: src/intcmp.c build
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ src/intcmp.c
-
-.PHONY: rpn
-rpn: build/bin/rpn
-build/bin/rpn: src/rpn.rs build build/o/libsysexits.rlib
-	$(RUSTC) $(RUSTFLAGS) \
-		--extern sysexits=build/o/libsysexits.rlib \
-		-o $@ src/rpn.rs
-
-.PHONY: scrut
-scrut: build/bin/scrut
-build/bin/scrut: src/scrut.c build
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ src/scrut.c
-
-.PHONY: str
-str: build/bin/str
-build/bin/str: src/str.c build
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ src/str.c
-
-.PHONY: strcmp
-strcmp: build/bin/strcmp
-build/bin/strcmp: src/strcmp.c build
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ src/strcmp.c
-
-.PHONY: true
-true: build/bin/true
-build/bin/true: src/true.c build
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ src/true.c

bin/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2023–2024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
+# Copyright (c) 2023–2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
+# Copyright (c) 2023 Sasha Koshka <sashakoshka@tebibyte.media>
+# Copyright (c) 2024 Aaditya Aryal <aryalaadi123@gmail.com>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: FSFAP
+#
+# Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are
+# permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and this
+# notice are preserved.  This file is offered as-is, without any warranty.
+
+include ../config.mk
+
+.PHONY: bin
+bin: dj false fop hru intcmp mm npc rpn scrut str strcmp swab true
+
+.PHONY: lib
+
+# TODO: this does not have to be here
+.PHONY: prepare
+prepare:
+	# keep ..$(BUILD)/include until bindgen(1) has stdin support
+	# https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-bindgen/issues/2703
+	mkdir -p ../$(BUILD)/bin ../$(BUILD)/include ../$(BUILD)/lib
+	mkdir -p ../$(BUILD)/test  ../$(BUILD)/o 
+
+.PHONY: dj
+dj: ../$(BUILD)/bin/dj
+../$(BUILD)/bin/dj: dj/dj.c prepare
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ dj/dj.c
+
+.PHONY: false
+false: ../$(BUILD)/bin/false
+../$(BUILD)/bin/false: false/false.c prepare
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ false/false.c
+
+.PHONY: fop
+fop: ../$(BUILD)/bin/fop
+../$(BUILD)/bin/fop: fop/fop.rs prepare lib
+	$(RUSTC) $(RUSTFLAGS) $(RUSTLIBS) -o $@ fop/fop.rs
+
+.PHONY: hru
+hru: ../$(BUILD)/bin/hru
+../$(BUILD)/bin/hru: hru/hru.rs prepare lib 
+	$(RUSTC) $(RUSTFLAGS) $(RUSTLIBS) -o $@ hru/hru.rs
+
+.PHONY: intcmp
+intcmp: ../$(BUILD)/bin/intcmp
+../$(BUILD)/bin/intcmp: intcmp/intcmp.c prepare
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ intcmp/intcmp.c
+
+.PHONY: mm
+mm: ../$(BUILD)/bin/mm
+../$(BUILD)/bin/mm: mm/mm.c prepare
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ mm/mm.c
+
+.PHONY: npc
+npc: ../$(BUILD)/bin/npc
+../$(BUILD)/bin/npc: npc/npc.c prepare
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGAS) -o $@ npc/npc.c
+
+.PHONY: rpn
+rpn: ../$(BUILD)/bin/rpn
+../$(BUILD)/bin/rpn: rpn/rpn.rs prepare lib
+	$(RUSTC) $(RUSTFLAGS) $(RUSTLIBS) -o $@ rpn/rpn.rs
+
+.PHONY: scrut
+scrut: ../$(BUILD)/bin/scrut
+../$(BUILD)/bin/scrut: scrut/scrut.c prepare
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ scrut/scrut.c
+
+.PHONY: str
+str: ../$(BUILD)/bin/str
+../$(BUILD)/bin/str: str/str.c prepare
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ str/str.c
+
+.PHONY: strcmp
+strcmp: ../$(BUILD)/bin/strcmp
+../$(BUILD)/bin/strcmp: strcmp/strcmp.c prepare
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ strcmp/strcmp.c
+
+.PHONY: swab
+swab: ../$(BUILD)/bin/swab
+../$(BUILD)/bin/swab: swab/swab.rs prepare lib
+	$(RUSTC) $(RUSTFLAGS) --extern getopt=../$(BUILD)/o/libgetopt.rlib \
+		--extern sysexits=../$(BUILD)/o/libsysexits.rlib \
+		-o $@ swab/swab.rs
+
+.PHONY: true
+true: ../$(BUILD)/bin/true
+../$(BUILD)/bin/true: true/true.c prepare
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ true/true.c

bin/dj/dj.c

@@ -203,28 +203,28 @@ Io_fdseek(struct Io *io){
 	
 	if(!fdisstd(io->fd) && lseek(io->fd, io->seek, SEEK_SET) != -1)
 		return -1;
-	else if(io->fl == write_flags){
-		memset(io->buf, '\0', io->bs);
-		/* This is a dirty trick; rather than testing conditions and operating
-		 * likewise, because the parameters to read or write are going to be
-		 * the same either way, just use a function pointer to keep track of
-		 * the intended operation. */
-		op = (int (*)(int, void *, size_t))&write;
-		/* Function pointer casts are risky; this works because the difference
-		 * is in the second parameter and only that write(2) makes the buffer
-		 * const whereas read(2) does not. To avoid even the slightest
-		 * undefined behavior comment out the cast, just be ready for a
-		 * -Wincompatible-function-pointer-types if your compiler notices it.
-		 */
-	}else
-		op = &read;
 
-	/* We're going to cheat and use bufuse as the retval for write(2), which is
+	/* repeated code to get the condition out of the loop */
-	 * fine because it'll be zeroed as this function returns anyway. */
+	if(io->fl == write_flags){
-	do{	if(	(io->bufuse = (*op)(io->fd, io->buf, MIN(io->bs, io->seek))) == 0)
+		memset(io->buf, '\0', io->bs);
+		/* We're going to cheat and use bufuse as the retval for write(2),
+		 * which is fine because it'll be zeroed as this function returns
+		 * anyway. */
+		do{
+			if((io->bufuse = write(io->fd, io->buf, MIN(io->bs, io->seek)))
+					== 0)
 				/* second chance */
-			io->bufuse = (*op)(io->fd, io->buf, MIN(io->bs, io->seek));
+				io->bufuse = write(io->fd, io->buf, MIN(io->bs, io->seek));
 		}while((io->seek -= io->bufuse) > 0 && io->bufuse != 0);
+	}else if(io->fl == read_flags){
+		do{
+			if((io->bufuse = read(io->fd, io->buf, MIN(io->bs, io->seek)))
+					== 0)
+				/* second chance */
+				io->bufuse = read(io->fd, io->buf, MIN(io->bs, io->seek));
+		}while((io->seek -= io->bufuse) > 0 && io->bufuse != 0);
+	}else
+		return EX_SOFTWARE;
 
 	io->bufuse = 0;
 

bin/fop/fop.rs

@@ -22,10 +22,12 @@ use std::{
 	process::{ Command, exit, Stdio },
 };
 
-extern crate sysexits;
 extern crate getopt;
+extern crate strerror;
+extern crate sysexits;
 
 use getopt::{ Opt, Parser };
+use strerror::StrError;
 use sysexits::{ EX_DATAERR, EX_IOERR, EX_UNAVAILABLE, EX_USAGE };
 
 fn main() {
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ fn main() {
 	});
 
 	let index = argv[index_arg].parse::<usize>().unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-		eprintln!("{}: {}: {}.", argv[0], argv[1], e);
+		eprintln!("{}: {}: {}", argv[0], argv[1], e);
 		exit(EX_DATAERR);
 	});
 
@@ -75,13 +77,13 @@ fn main() {
 		.stdout(Stdio::piped())
 		.spawn()
 		.unwrap_or_else( |e| {
-			eprintln!("{}: {}: {}.", argv[0], argv[command_arg], e);
+			eprintln!("{}: {}: {}", argv[0], argv[command_arg], e.strerror());
 			exit(EX_UNAVAILABLE);
 		});
 
 	let field = fields.get(index).unwrap_or_else(|| {
 		eprintln!(
-			"{}: {}: No such index in input.",
+			"{}: {}: No such index in input",
 			argv[0],
 			index.to_string(),
 		);
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ fn main() {
 	}
 
 	let output = spawned.wait_with_output().unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-		eprintln!("{}: {}: {}.", argv[0], argv[command_arg], e);
+		eprintln!("{}: {}: {}", argv[0], argv[command_arg], e.strerror());
 		exit(EX_IOERR);
 	});
 
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ fn main() {
 	if replace.pop() != Some(b'\n') { replace = output.stdout; }
 
 	let new_field = String::from_utf8(replace).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-		eprintln!("{}: {}: {}.", argv[0], argv[command_arg], e);
+		eprintln!("{}: {}: {}", argv[0], argv[command_arg], e);
 		exit(EX_IOERR);
 	});
 
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@ fn main() {
 	stdout().write_all(
 		fields.join(&d.to_string()).as_bytes()
 	).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-		eprintln!("{}: {}.", argv[0], e);
+		eprintln!("{}: {}", argv[0], e.strerror());
 		exit(EX_IOERR);
 	});
 }

bin/hru/hru.rs

@@ -23,8 +23,10 @@ use std::{
 	process::{ ExitCode, exit },
 };
 
+extern crate strerror;
 extern crate sysexits;
 
+use strerror::StrError;
 use sysexits::{ EX_DATAERR, EX_IOERR, EX_SOFTWARE };
 
 const LIST: [(u32, &str); 10] = [
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ fn convert(input: u128) -> Result<(f64, (u32, &'static str)), String> {
 		let c = match 10_u128.checked_pow(n) {
 			Some(c) => c,
 			None => {
-				return Err(format!("10^{}: Integer overflow.", n.to_string()));
+				return Err(format!("10^{}: Integer overflow", n.to_string()));
 			},
 		};
 
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ fn main() -> ExitCode {
 				f
 			},
 			Err(err) => {
-				eprintln!("{}: {}.", argv[0], err);
+				eprintln!("{}: {}", argv[0], err);
 				return ExitCode::from(EX_DATAERR as u8);
 			},
 		};
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ fn main() -> ExitCode {
 		let (number, prefix) = match convert(n) {
 			Ok(x) => x,
 			Err(err) => {
-				eprintln!("{}: {}.", argv[0], err);
+				eprintln!("{}: {}", argv[0], err);
 				return ExitCode::from(EX_SOFTWARE as u8);
 			},
 		};
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ fn main() -> ExitCode {
 
 		stdout().write_all(format!("{} {}\n", out, si_prefix).as_bytes())
 			.unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-				eprintln!("{}: {}.", argv[0], e);
+				eprintln!("{}: {}", argv[0], e.strerror());
 				exit(EX_IOERR);
 			});
 	}

bin/mm/mm.1

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
+.\"
+.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
+.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
+
+.TH mm 1
+
+.SH NAME
+
+mm \(en middleman
+
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+
+mm
+.RB ( -aenu )
+.RB ( -i
+.RB [ input ])
+.RB ( -o
+.RB [ output ])
+
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+
+Mm catenates input files and writes them to the start of each output file.
+
+.SH OPTIONS
+
+Mm, upon receiving the
+.B -a
+option, will open subsequent outputs for appending rather than updating.
+.PP
+The
+.B -i
+option opens a path as an input. Without any inputs specified mm will use
+standard input. Standard input itself can be specified by giving the path '-'.
+.PP
+The
+.B -o
+option opens a path as an output. Without any outputs specified mm will use
+standard output. Standard output itself can be specified by giving the
+path '-'. Standard error itself can be specified with the
+.B -e
+option.
+.PP
+The
+.B -u
+option ensures neither input or output will be buffered.
+.PP
+The
+.B -n
+option tells mm to ignore SIGINT signals.
+
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+
+If an output can no longer be written mm prints a diagnostic message, ceases
+writing to that particular output, and if there are more outputs specified,
+continues, eventually exiting unsuccessfully.
+.PP
+On error mm prints a diagnostic message and exits with the appropriate
+sysexits.h(3) status.
+
+.SH BUGS
+
+Mm does not truncate existing files, which may lead to unexpected results.
+
+.SH RATIONALE
+
+Mm was modeled after the cat and tee utilities specified in POSIX.
+
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+
+Copyright (c) 2024 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
+<https://gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html>.
+
+.SH SEE ALSO
+
+cat(1p), dd(1), dj(1), tee(1p)

bin/mm/mm.c

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
+ * later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Affero General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
+ */
+
+#include <errno.h> /* errno */
+#include <signal.h> /* signal(2), SIG_ERR, SIG_IGN, SIGINT */
+#include <stdio.h> /* fclose(3), fopen(3), fprintf(3), getc(3), putc(3),
+                    * setvbuf(3), size_t, _IONBF, NULL */
+#include <stdlib.h> /* free(3), realloc(3) */
+#include <string.h> /* strcmp(3), strerror(3) */
+#include <unistd.h> /* getopt(3) */
+#if !defined EX_IOERR || !defined EX_OK || !defined EX_OSERR \
+		|| !defined EX_USAGE
+#	include <sysexits.h>
+#endif
+extern int errno;
+
+/* This structure is how open files are tracked. */
+struct Files{
+	size_t a;	/* allocation */
+	size_t s;	/* used size */
+	char *mode;	/* file opening mode */
+	char **names;	/* file names */
+	FILE **files;	/* file pointers */
+};
+
+/* How much to grow the allocation when it's saturated. */
+#ifndef ALLOC_INCREMENT
+#	define ALLOC_INCREMENT 1
+#endif
+
+/* How much to grow the allocation at program start. */
+#ifndef ALLOC_INITIAL
+#	define ALLOC_INITIAL 10
+#endif
+
+/* pre-allocated strings */
+static char *program_name = "<no argv[0]>";
+static char *stdin_name = "<stdin>";
+static char *stdout_name = "<stdout>";
+static char *stderr_name = "<stderr>";
+static char *(fmode[]) = { (char []){"rb"}, (char []){"rb+"} };
+static char *wharsh = "wb";
+
+/* Adds the open FILE pointer for the file at the path s to the files struct,
+ * returning the FILE if successful and NULL if not, allocating more memory in
+ * the files buffers as needed. */
+static FILE *
+Files_append(struct Files *files, FILE *file, char *name){
+
+	if(file == NULL || (files->s == files->a
+			&& ((files->files = realloc(files->files,
+					(files->a += (files->a == 0)
+						? ALLOC_INITIAL
+						: ALLOC_INCREMENT)
+					* sizeof *(files->files))) == NULL
+				|| (files->names = realloc(files->names,
+					files->a * sizeof *(files->names))) == NULL)))
+		return NULL;
+
+	files->names[files->s] = name;
+	return files->files[files->s++] = file;
+}
+
+/* Opens the file at the path p and puts it in the files struct, returning NULL
+ * if either the opening or the placement of the open FILE pointer fail. */
+#define Files_open(files, p) \
+	Files_append((files), fopen((p), (files)->mode), (p))
+
+/* Prints a diagnostic message based on errno and returns an exit status
+ * appropriate for an OS error. */
+static int
+oserr(char *s, char *r){
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s: %s\n", s, r, strerror(errno));
+
+	return EX_OSERR;
+}
+
+/* Hijacks i and j from main and destructs the files[2] struct used by main by
+ * closing its files and freeing its files and names arrays, returning retval
+ * from main. */
+#define terminate \
+	for(i = 0; i < 2; ++i){ \
+		for(j = 0; j < files[i].s; ++j) \
+			if(files[i].files[j] != stdin \
+					&& files[i].files[j] != stdout \
+					&& files[i].files[j] != stderr) \
+				fclose(files[i].files[j]); \
+		free(files[i].files); \
+		free(files[i].names); \
+	} \
+	return retval
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]){
+	int c;
+	struct Files files[2]; /* {read, write} */
+	size_t i;
+	size_t j;
+	size_t k; /* loop index but also unbuffer status */
+	int retval;
+
+	/* Initializes the files structs with their default values, standard
+	 * input and standard output. If an input or an output is specified
+	 * these initial values will be overwritten, so to, say, use mm(1)
+	 * equivalently to tee(1p), -o - will need to be specified before
+	 * additional files to ensure standard output is still written. */
+	for(i = 0; i < 2; ++i){
+		files[i].a = 0;
+		files[i].s = 0;
+		files[i].mode = fmode[i];
+		files[i].files = NULL;
+		files[i].names = NULL;
+		Files_append(&files[i], i == 0 ? stdin : stdout,
+			i == 0 ? stdin_name : stdout_name);
+		files[i].s = 0;
+	}
+
+	k = 0;
+
+	if(argc > 0)
+		program_name = argv[0];
+
+	if(argc > 1)
+		while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "aehi:no:u")) != -1)
+			switch(c){
+			case 'a': /* "rb+" -> "ab" */
+				files[1].mode[0] = 'a';
+				files[1].mode[2] = '\0';
+				break;
+			case 'e':
+				if(Files_append(&files[1], stderr, stderr_name) != NULL)
+					break;
+				retval = oserr(argv[0], "-e");
+				terminate;
+			case 'i':
+				if((strcmp(optarg, "-") == 0 && Files_append(&files[0],
+							stdin, stdin_name) != NULL)
+						|| Files_open(&files[0], optarg) != NULL)
+					break;
+				retval = oserr(argv[0], optarg);
+				terminate;
+			case 'o':
+				if((strcmp(optarg, "-") == 0 && Files_append(&files[1],
+							stdout, stdout_name) != NULL)
+						|| Files_open(&files[1], optarg) != NULL)
+					break;
+				/* does not exist, so try to create it */
+				if(errno == ENOENT){
+					files[1].mode = wharsh;
+					if(Files_open(&files[1], optarg) != NULL){
+						files[1].mode = fmode[1];
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+				retval = oserr(argv[0], optarg);
+				terminate;
+			case 'n':
+				if(signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN) != SIG_ERR)
+					break;
+				retval = oserr(argv[0], "-n");
+				terminate;
+			case 'u':
+				k = 1;
+				break;
+			default:
+				fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s (-aenu) (-i [input])..."
+					" (-o [output])...\n", argv[0]);
+				retval = EX_USAGE;
+				terminate;
+			}
+
+	files[0].s += files[0].s == 0;
+	files[1].s += files[1].s == 0;
+	
+	/* Unbuffer files. */
+	if(k){
+		for(i = 0;
+			i < files[0].s;
+			setvbuf(files[0].files[i++], NULL, _IONBF, 0));
+		for(i = 0;
+			i < files[1].s;
+			setvbuf(files[1].files[i++], NULL, _IONBF, 0));
+	}
+
+	retval = EX_OK;
+
+	/* Actual program loop. */
+	for(i = 0; i < files[0].s; ++i) /* iterate ins */
+		while((c = getc(files[0].files[i])) != EOF) /* iterate chars */
+			for(j = 0; j < files[1].s; ++j) /* iterate outs */
+				if(putc(c, files[1].files[j]) == EOF){
+					/* notebook's full */
+					retval = EX_IOERR;
+					fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s: %s\n",
+						program_name, files[1].names[j], strerror(errno));
+					if(fclose(files[1].files[j]) == EOF)
+						fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s: %s\n",
+							program_name, files[1].names[j], strerror(errno));
+					/* massage out the tense muscle */
+					for(k = j--; k < files[1].s - 1; ++k){
+						files[1].files[k] = files[1].files[k+1];
+						files[1].names[k] = files[1].names[k+1];
+					}
+					if(--files[1].s == 0)
+						terminate;
+				}
+
+	terminate;
+}

bin/rpn/rpn.rs

@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ fn eval(
 					};
 				} else {
 					return Err(EvaluationError {
-						message: format!("{}: Unexpected operation.", op),
+						message: format!("{}: Unexpected operation", op),
 						code: EX_DATAERR,
 					})
 				}

bin/swab/swab.1

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
+.\"
+.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
+.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
+
+.TH swab 1
+
+.SH NAME
+
+swab \(en swap bytes
+
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+
+swab
+.RB ( -f )
+.RB ( -w
+.R [
+.B word size
+.R ])
+
+.SH USAGE
+
+Swab swaps the latter and former halves of a block of bytes.
+
+.SH EXAMPLES
+
+The following sh(1p) line:
+
+.R printf 'hello world!\n' | swab
+
+Produces the following output:
+
+.R ehll oowlr!d
+
+.SH OPTIONS
+
+The
+.B -f
+option ignores system call interruptions.
+.PP
+The
+.B -w
+option configures the word size; that is, the size in bytes of the block size
+on which to operate. By default the word size is 2. The word size must be
+cleanly divisible by 2, otherwise the block of bytes being processed can't be
+halved.
+
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+
+If an error is encountered in input, output, or invocation, a diagnostic
+message will be written to standard error and swab will exit with the
+appropriate status from sysexits.h(3).
+
+.SH RATIONALE
+
+Swab was modeled after the
+.R conv=swab
+functionality specified in the POSIX dd utility but additionally allows the
+word size to be configured.
+.PP
+Swab is useful for fixing the endianness of binary files produced on other
+machines.
+
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+
+Copyright (c) 2024 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
+<https://gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html>.
+
+.SH SEE ALSO
+
+dd(1p)

bin/swab/swab.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
+ * later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Affero General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
+ */
+
+use std::{
+	env::args,
+	io::{ stdin, stdout, Error, ErrorKind, Read, Write },
+	process::ExitCode,
+	vec::Vec
+};
+
+extern crate getopt;
+use getopt::{ Opt, Parser };
+
+extern crate sysexits;
+use sysexits::{ EX_OK, EX_OSERR, EX_USAGE };
+
+fn oserr(s: &str, e: Error) -> ExitCode {
+	eprintln!("{}: {}", s, e);
+	ExitCode::from(EX_OSERR as u8)
+}
+
+fn usage(s: &str) -> ExitCode {
+	eprintln!("Usage: {} (-f) (-w [wordsize])", s);
+	ExitCode::from(EX_USAGE as u8)
+}
+
+fn main() -> ExitCode {
+	let argv = args().collect::<Vec<String>>();
+	let mut buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+	let mut input = stdin();
+	let mut output = stdout().lock();
+
+	let mut opts = Parser::new(&argv, "fw:");
+	let mut force = false;
+	let mut wordsize: usize = 2;
+
+	loop {
+		match opts.next() {
+			None => break,
+			Some(opt) =>
+				match opt {
+					Ok(Opt('f', None)) => force = true,
+					Ok(Opt('w', Some(arg))) => {
+						match arg.parse::<usize>() {
+							Ok(w) if w % 2 == 0 => { wordsize = w; () },
+							_ => { return usage(&argv[0]); },
+						}
+					},
+					_ => { return usage(&argv[0]); }
+				}
+		}
+	}
+
+	buf.resize(wordsize, 0);
+
+	loop {
+		match input.read(&mut buf) {
+			Ok(0) => break ExitCode::from(EX_OK as u8),
+			Ok(v) if v == wordsize => {
+				let (left, right) = buf.split_at(v/2);
+				if let Err(e) = output.write(&right)
+						.and_then(|_| output.write(&left)) {
+					break oserr(&argv[0], e)
+				}
+			},
+			Ok(v) => {
+				if let Err(e) = output.write(&buf[..v]) {
+					break oserr(&argv[0], e)
+				}
+			},
+			Err(e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::Interrupted && force => continue,
+			Err(e) => break oserr(&argv[0], e)
+		}
+	}
+}

bin/test/test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+extern crate strerror;
+
+use strerror::raw_message;
+
+fn main() {
+	stdout.write_all(b"meow\n").unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+		eprintln!("{}", raw_message(e));
+		std::process::exit(1);
+	});
+}

config.mk

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2023–2024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
+# Copyright (c) 2023–2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
+# Copyright (c) 2023 Sasha Koshka <sashakoshka@tebibyte.media>
+# Copyright (c) 2024 Aaditya Aryal <aryalaadi123@gmail.com>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: FSFAP
+#
+# Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are
+# permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and this
+# notice are preserved.  This file is offered as-is, without any warranty.
+
+# if using BSD make(1), remove these pragmas because they break it
+.PRAGMA: posix_202x # future POSIX standard support à la pdpmake(1)
+.PRAGMA: command_comment # breaks without this?
+
+DESTDIR ?= dist
+PREFIX ?= /usr/local
+BUILD ?= build
+
+SYSEXITS != printf '\043include <sysexits.h>\n' | cpp -M - | sed 's/ /\n/g' \
+	| sed -n 's/sysexits\.h//p' || printf 'include\n'
+
+CC ?= cc
+RUSTC ?= rustc
+RUSTLIBS = --extern getopt=../$(BUILD)/o/libgetopt.rlib \
+	--extern sysexits=../$(BUILD)/o/libsysexits.rlib \
+	--extern strerror=../$(BUILD)/o/libstrerror.rlib
+
+CFLAGs += --std=c99 -Wall -pedantic -Werror
+CFLAGS += -I$(SYSEXITS)

lib/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2023–2024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
+# Copyright (c) 2023–2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
+# Copyright (c) 2023 Sasha Koshka <sashakoshka@tebibyte.media>
+# Copyright (c) 2024 Aaditya Aryal <aryalaadi123@gmail.com>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: FSFAP
+#
+# Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are
+# permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and this
+# notice are preserved.  This file is offered as-is, without any warranty.
+
+include ../config.mk
+
+.PHONY: lib
+lib: ../$(BUILD)/o/libsysexits.rlib ../$(BUILD)/o/libgetopt.rlib \
+	../$(BUILD)/o/libstrerror.rlib
+
+../$(BUILD)/o/libgetopt.rlib: getopt-rs/lib.rs
+	$(RUSTC) $(RUSTFLAGS) --crate-type=lib --crate-name=getopt \
+		-o $@ getopt-rs/lib.rs
+
+../$(BUILD)/o/libstrerror.rlib: strerror.rs
+	$(RUSTC) $(RUSTFLAGS) --crate-type=lib -o $@ \
+		strerror.rs
+
+../$(BUILD)/o/libsysexits.rlib: $(SYSEXITS)sysexits.h
+	# bandage solution until bindgen(1) gets stdin support
+	printf '#define EXIT_FAILURE 1\n' | cat - $(SYSEXITS)sysexits.h \
+		> ../$(BUILD)/include/sysexits.h
+	bindgen --default-macro-constant-type signed --use-core --formatter=none \
+		../$(BUILD)/include/sysexits.h | $(RUSTC) $(RUSTFLAGS) --crate-type lib -o $@ -

lib/strerror.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: FSFAP
+ *
+ * Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are
+ * permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and
+ * this notice are preserved.  This file is offered as-is, without any warranty.
+ */
+
+use std::ffi::{ c_int, c_char, CStr };
+
+pub trait StrError { fn strerror(&self) -> String; }
+
+impl StrError for std::io::Error {
+	/* wrapper function for use in Rust */
+	fn strerror(&self) -> String {
+		/* Get the raw OS error. If it’s None, what the hell is going on‽ */
+		let errno = self.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(0) as c_int;
+
+		/* Get a CStr from the error message so that it’s referenced and then
+		 * convert it to an owned value. If the string is not valid UTF-8,
+		 * return that error instead. */
+		match unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(strerror(errno)) }.to_str() {
+			Ok(s) => s.to_owned(), // yay!! :D
+			Err(e) => e.to_string(), // awww :(
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/* binding to strerror(3p) */
+extern "C" { fn strerror(errnum: c_int) -> *mut c_char; }