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.\" Copyright (c) 2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
.\" Copyright (c) 2024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\"
.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
.TH dj 1
.\"
.TH DJ 1 2024-07-14 "Harakit X.X.X"
.SH NAME
dj \(en disk jockey
.\"
.SH SYNOPSIS
dj
.RB ( -AdHnq )
.RB ( -a
.RB [ byte ])
.RB ( -c
.RB [ count ])
.RB [ -Hn ]
.RB [ -a\ byte ]
.RB [ -c\ count ]
.RB ( -i
.R [
.B input file
.R ])
.RB ( -b
.R [
.B input block size
.R ])
.RB ( -s
.R [
.B input offset
.R ])
.RB [ -i\ file ]
.RB [ -b\ block_size ]
.RB [ -s\ offset ]
.RB ( -o
.R [
.B output file
.R ])
.RB ( -B
.R [
.B output block size
.R ])
.RB ( -S
.R [
.B output offset
.R ])
.RB [ -o\ file ]
.RB [ -B\ block_size ]
.RB [ -S\ offset ]
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
.SH USAGE
Perform precise read and write operations on files. This utility is useful for
reading and writing binary data to and from disks.
The
.B -i
option takes a path as an argument to open and use in place of standard input.
The
.B -o
option does the same in place of standard output. Dj does not truncate output
files and instead writes over the bytes in the existing file.
.PP
The
.B -b
option takes a numeric argument as the size in bytes of the input buffer and
the
.B -B
option does the same for the output buffer, the default for both being 1024
bytes, or one kibibyte (KiB).
.PP
The
.B -s
option takes a numeric argument as the number of bytes to skip into the input
before starting to read, and the
.B -S
option skips a number of bytes through the output before starting to write from
the input. If the input is a stream the bytes are read and discarded. If the
output is a stream, nul characters are printed.
.PP
The
.B -a
option takes one argument of one byte in length and pads the input buffer with
that byte in the event that a read doesn't fill the input buffer, and the
.B -A
option takes no arguments and pads with nuls.
The
.B -c
option specifies an amount of reads to make, and if 0 (the default) dj will
continue reading until a partial or empty read.
.PP
On a partial or empty read, dj prints a diagnostic message (unless the
.B -q
option is specified) and exits (unless the
.B -n
option is specified, in which case only two consecutive empty reads will cause
dj to exit).
At exit, usage statistics are printed unless the option
.B -q
is specified a second time. The
.B -H
option will make these diagnostics human-readable.
This manual page uses the terms \(lqskip\(rq and \(lqseek\(rq to refer to moving
to a specified byte by index in the input and output of the program
respectively. This language is inherited from the
.BR dd (1p)
utility and used here to decrease ambiguity.
The offset used when skipping or seeking refers to how many bytes are skipped
or sought. Running
.BR dj (1)
with a skip offset of 1 skips one byte into the input and reads from the second
byte onwards. A programmer may think of a file as a zero-indexed array of
bytes; in this analogy, the offset given is the index of the byte at which to
start reading or writing.
.\"
.SH OPTIONS
.IP \fB-i\fP\ \fIfile\fP
Takes a file path as an argument and opens it for use as an input.
.IP \fB-b\fP\ \fIblock_size\fP
Takes a numeric argument as the size in bytes of the input buffer, the default
being 1024.
.IP \fB-s\fP
Takes a numeric argument as the index of the byte at which reading will
commence; \(lqskips\(rq that number of bytes. If the standard input is used,
bytes read to this point are discarded.
.IP \fB-o\fP
Takes a file path as an argument and opens it for use as an output.
.IP \fB-B\fP\ \fIblock_size\fP
Takes a numeric argument as the size in bytes of the output buffer, the default
being 1024. Note that this option only affects the size of output writes and not
the amount of output data itself. See the CAVEATS section.
.IP \fB-S\fP
Takes a numeric argument as the index of the byte at which writing will
commence; \(lqseeks\(rq that number of bytes. If the standard output is used,
null characters are printed.
.IP \fB-a\fP
Accepts a single literal byte with which the input buffer is padded in the event
of an incomplete read from the input file. If the option argument is empty, the
null byte is used.
.IP \fB-c\fP
Specifies a number of blocks to read. The default is 0, in which case the input
is read until a partial or empty read is made.
.IP \fB-H\fP
Prints diagnostic messages in a human-readable manner as described in the
DIAGNOSTICS section.
.IP \fB-n\fP
Retries failed reads once before exiting.
.\"
.SH STANDARD INPUT
The standard input shall be used as an input if no inputs are specified or if
input file is \(lq-\(rq.
.\"
.SH STANDARD OUTPUT
The standard output shall be used as an output if no inputs are specified or if
the output file is \(lq-\(rq.
.\"
.SH EXAMPLES
The following
.BR sh (1p)
line:
.RS
printf 'Hello, world!\(rsn' | dj -c 1 -b 7 -s 7 2>/dev/null
.RE
Produces the following output:
.RS
world!
.RE
The following
.BR sh (1p)
lines run sequentially:
.RS
tr '\(rs0' 0 </dev/zero | dj -c 1 -b 6 -o hello.txt
tr '\(rs0' H </dev/zero | dj -c 1 -b 1 -o hello.txt
tr '\(rs0' e </dev/zero | dj -c 1 -b 1 -o hello.txt -S 1
tr '\(rs0' l </dev/zero | dj -c 1 -b 2 -o hello.txt -S 2
tr '\(rs0' o </dev/zero | dj -c 1 -b 1 -o hello.txt -S 4
tr '\(rs0' '\(rsn' </dev/zero | dj -c 1 -b 1 -o hello.txt -S 5
dj -i hello.txt
.RE
Produce the following output:
.RS
Hello
.RE
It may be particularly illuminating to print the contents of the example
.B hello.txt
after each
.BR dj (1)
invocation.
.\"
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
The
.B -d
option prints all information, user-specified or otherwise, before program
execution.
.PP
When dj exits, by default statistics are printed for input and output to
standard error in the following format:
.PP
.R {records read} {ASCII unit separator} {partial records read}
.R {ASCII record separator} {records written} {ASCII unit separator}
.R {partial records written} {ASCII group separator} {bytes read}
.R {ASCII record separator} {bytes written} {ASCII file separator}
.PP
If the
.B -H
option is specified dj instead uses this following format:
.PP
.R {records read} '+' {partial records read} '>' {records written}
.R '+' {partial records written} ';' {bytes read} '>' {bytes written}
.R {ASCII line feed}
.PP
The
.B -q
option suppresses error messages which print when a read or write is partial or
empty and when used twice suppresses diagnostic output entirely.
.PP
In non-recoverable errors that don't pertain to dj's read-write cycle, a
diagnostic message is printed and dj exits with the appropriate sysexits(3)
status.
On a partial or empty read, a diagnostic message is printed. Then, the program
exits unless the
.B -n
option is specified.
By default, statistics are printed for input and output to the standard error in
the following format:
.RS
{records read} {ASCII unit separator} {partial records read}
{ASCII record separator} {records written} {ASCII unit separator}
{partial records written} {ASCII group separator} {bytes read}
{ASCII record separator} {bytes written} {ASCII file separator}
.RE
This format for diagnostic output is designed to be machine-parseable for
convenience. For a more human-readable format, the
.B -H
option may be specified. In this event, the following format is used instead:
.RS
{records read} '+' {partial records read} '>' {records written}
'+' {partial records written} ';' {bytes read} '>' {bytes written}
{ASCII line feed}
.RE
In non-recoverable errors that don\(cqt pertain to the read-write cycle, a
diagnostic message is printed and the program exits with the appropriate
.BR sysexits.h (3)
status.
.\"
.SH BUGS
If
.B -n
is specified along with a specified count, actual byte output may be lower than
expected (the product of the count multiplied by the input block size). If the
is specified along with the
.B -c
option and a count, actual byte output is the product of the count and the input
block size and therefore may be lower than expected. If the
.B -a
or
.B -A
options are used this could make data written nonsensical.
.PP
Many lowercase options have capitalized variants and vice-versa which can be
confusing. Capitalized options tend to affect output or are more intense
versions of lowercase options.
option is specified, this could make written data nonsensical.
.\"
.SH CAVEATS
Existing files are not truncated on ouput and are instead overwritten.
Option variants that have lowercase and uppercase forms could be confused for
each other. The former affects input and the latter affects output.
The
.B -B
option could be mistaken for the count in bytes of data written to the output.
This conception is intuitive but incorrect, as the
.B -c
option controls the number of blocks to read and the
.B -b
option sets the size of the blocks. The
.B -B
option is similar to the latter but sets the size of blocks to be written,
regardless of the amount of data that will actually be written. In practice,
this means the input buffer should be very large to make use of modern hardware
input and output speeds.
The skipped or sought bytes while processing irregular files, such as streams,
are reported in the diagnostic output, because they were actually read or
written. This is as opposed to bytes skipped while processing regular files,
which are not reported.
.\"
.SH RATIONALE
Dj was modeled after the dd utility specified in POSIX but adds additional
features: typical option formatting, allowing seeks to be specified in bytes
rather than in blocks, allowing arbitrary bytes as padding, and printing in a
format that's easy to parse for machines. It also neglects character
conversion, which may be dd's original intent but is irrelevant to its modern
use.
This program was based on the
.BR dd (1p)
utility as specified in POSIX. While character conversion may have been the
original intent of
.BR dd (1p),
it is irrelevant to its modern use. Because of this, this program eschews
character conversion and adds typical option formatting, allowing seeks to be
specified in bytes rather than in blocks, allowing arbitrary bytes as padding,
and printing in a format that\(cqs easy for machines to parse.
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2023 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
Copyright \(co 2023 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
<https://gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html>.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
dd(1)
.BR dd (1p)
.BR lseek (3p)
.BR mm (1)

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@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
.\" Copyright (c) 2022, 2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
.\" Copyright (c) 2023 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\" Copyright (c) 20232024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\"
.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
.TH FALSE 1
.\"
.TH FALSE 1 2024-06-06 "Harakit X.X.X"
.SH NAME
false \(en do nothing, unsuccessfully
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
False does nothing regardless of operands or standard input.
False will always return an exit code of 1.
Do nothing regardless of operands or standard input. An exit code of 1 will
always be returned.
.\"
.SH RATIONALE
False exists for the construction of control flow and loops based on a failure.
False functions as described in POSIX.1-2017.
In POSIX.1-2017,
.BR false (1p)
exists for the construction of control flow and loops based on a failure. This
implementation functions as described in that standard.
.\"
.SH AUTHOR
Written by Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>.
Written by Emma Tebibyte
.MT emma@tebibyte.media
.ME .
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
This work is marked with CC0 1.0. To see a copy of this license, visit
<http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0>.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
true(1p)
.BR true (1p)

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.\" Copyright (c) 2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
.\" Copyright (c) 2024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\"
.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
.\"
.TH FOP 1 2024-06-17 "Harakit X.X.X"
.SH NAME
fop \(en field operator
.\"
.SH SYNOPSIS
fop
.RB ( -d )
.RB [ delimiter ]
.RB index
.RB program...
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
Performs operations on specified fields in data read from the standard input.
.\"
.SH OPTIONS
.IP \fB-d\fP\ \fIdelimiter\fP
Sets a delimiter by which the input data will be split into fields. The default
is an ASCII record separator.
.\"
.SH CAVEATS
Field indices are zero-indexed, which may be unexpected behavior for some users.
.\"
.SH RATIONALE
With the assumption that tools will output data separated with ASCII field
separators, there is a need for the ability to modify select fields in this data
easily and quickly.
The idea for this utility originated in the fact that the GNU
.BR ls (1)
utility contains a
.B -h
option which enables human-readable units in file size outputs. This
functionality was broken out into
.BR hru (1),
but there was no easy way to modify the field in the ouput of
.BR ls (1p)
without creating a new tool.
.\"
.SH AUTHOR
Written by Emma Tebibyte
.MT emma@tebibyte.media
.ME .
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright \(co 2024 Emma Tebibyte. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
<https://gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html>.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR sed (1p)

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@@ -2,56 +2,68 @@
.\"
.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
.TH rpn 1
.\"
.TH HRU 1 2024-06-17 "Harakit X.X.X"
.SH NAME
hru \(en human readable units
.\"
.SH SYNOPSIS
hru
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
Hru reads byte counts in the form of whole numbers from the standard input and
writes to the standard output the same number converted one of the units of data
defined by the International System of Units.
Convert counts to higher units.
Byte counts will be read in the form of whole numbers from the standard input
and be written to the standard output the same number converted to a higher unit
of data as defined by the \fIInternational System of Units\fP.
The program will convert the byte count to the highest unit possible where the
value is greater than one.
.\"
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
If encountering non-integer characters in the standard input, hru will exit with
the appropriate error code as defined by sysexits.h(3) and print an error
message.
If encountering non-integer characters in the standard input, the program will
exit with the appropriate error code as defined by
.BR sysexits.h (3)
and print an error message.
.\"
.SH RATIONALE
The GNU projects ls(1) implementation contains a human-readable option (-h)
that, when specified, makes the tool print size information in a format more
immediately readable. This functionality is useful not only in the context of
ls(1) so the decision was made to split it into a new tool. The original
functionality in GNUs ls(1) can be emulated with fop(1) combined with this
program.
The GNU project\(cqs
.BR ls (1)
implementation contains a human-readable option (\fB-h\fP) that, when specified,
makes the tool print size information in a format more immediately
readable. This functionality is useful not only in this context, so the decision
was made to split it into a new tool. The original functionality from GNU\(cqs
.BR ls (1)
can be emulated with
.BR fop (1)
combined with this program.
.\"
.SH STANDARDS
Hru follows the standard unit prefixes as specified by the Bureau International
des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) in the ninth edition of The International System of
Units (SI).
The standard unit prefixes as specified by the
.I Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
.RI ( BIPM )
in the ninth edition of
.I The International System of Units
.RI ( SI )
are utilized for the ouput of conversions.
.\"
.SH AUTHOR
Written by Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>.
Written by Emma Tebibyte
.MT emma@tebibyte.media
.ME .
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2024 Emma Tebibyte. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
Copyright \(co 2024 Emma Tebibyte. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
<https://gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html>.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
GNU ls(1), The International System of Units (SI) 9th Edition
GNU
.BR ls (1),
.I The International System of Units (SI) 9th Edition

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@@ -1,78 +1,103 @@
.\" Copyright (c) 20232024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
.\" Copyright (c) 2023 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\" Copyright (c) 20232024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\"
.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
.TH intcmp 1
.\"
.TH INTCMP 1 2024-06-06 "Harakit X.X.X"
.SH NAME
intcmp \(en compare integers
.\"
.SH SYNOPSIS
intcmp
.RB ( -eghl )
.RB [ integer ]
.RB [ integer... ]
.RB [ -egl ]\ integer\ integer...
.SH DESCRIPTION
Compare integers to each other.
.\"
.SH OPTIONS
Intcmp compares integers.
.SH USAGE
The -e option permits given integers to be equal to each other. If combined
with -g or -l, only adjacent integers in the argument sequence can be equal.
.PP
The -g option permits a given integer to be greater than the following integer.
.PP
The -l option permits a given integer to be less than the following integer.
.PP
It may help to think of the -e, -g, and -l options as equivalent to the
infix algebraic “=”, “>”, and “<” operators respectively, with each option
putting its symbol between every given integer. For example,
.R intcmp -l 1 2 3
is equivalent to evaluating "1 < 2 < 3".
.IP \fB-e\fP
Permits given integers to be equal to each other.
.IP \fB-g\fP
Permits a given integer to be greater than the following integer.
.IP \fB-l\fP
Permits a given integer to be less than the following integer.
.\"
.SH EXAMPLES
It may help to think of the
.BR -e ,
.BR -g ,
and
.B -l
options as equivalent to the infix algebraic \(lq=\(rq, \(lq>\(rq, and \(lq<\(rq
operators respectively, with each option putting its symbol between every given
integer. The following example is equivalent to evaluating \(lq1 < 2 < 3\(rq:
\"
.RS
intcmp -l 1 2 3
.RE
.\"
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
Intcmp exits 0 for a valid expression and 1 for an invalid expression.
.PP
Intcmp prints a debug message and exits with the appropriate sysexits(3) error
code in the event of an error.
The program will exit with a successfully for a valid expression and with an
error code of 1 for an invalid expression.
In the event of an error, a debug message will be printed and the program will
exit with the appropriate
.BR sysexits.h (3)
error code.
.\"
.SH BUGS
There are multiple ways to express compound comparisons; “less than or equal
to” can be -le or -el, for example.
.PP
The inequality comparison is -gl or -lg for “less than or greater than”; this
is elegant but unintuitive.
.PP
-egl, "equal to or less than or greater than", exits 0 no matter what for valid
program usage and may be abused to function as an integer validator.
Use str(1) instead.
.BR -egl ,
\(lqequal to or less than or greater than\(rq, always exits successfully for
valid program usage and may be abused to function as an integer validator. Use
.BR str (1)
instead.
.\"
.SH CAVEATS
There are multiple ways to express compound comparisons; \(lqless than or equal
to\(rq can be
.B -le
or
.BR -el ,
for example.
The inequality comparison is
.B -gl
.B or
.B -lg
for \(lqless than or greater than\(rq;
this is elegant but unintuitive.
.\"
.SH RATIONALE
The traditional tool for integer comparisons in POSIX and other Unix shells has
been test(1). This tool also handles string comparisons and file scrutiny.
These parts of its functionality have been broken out into multiple utilities.
Strcmps functionality may be performed on a POSIX-compliant system with
test(1p).
been
.BR test (1).
This tool also handles string comparisons and file scrutiny. These parts of its
functionality have been broken out into multiple utilities.
This program\(cqs functionality may be performed on a POSIX-compliant system
with
.BR test (1p).
.\"
.SH AUTHOR
Written by DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>.
Written by DTB
.MT trinity@trinity.moe
.ME .
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2023 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
.\"
Copyright \(co 2023 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
<https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
strcmp(1), scrut(1), str(1), test(1p)
.BR scrut (1),
.BR strcmp (1),
.BR str (1),
.BR test (1p)

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@@ -2,75 +2,72 @@
.\"
.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
.TH mm 1
.\"
.TH MM 1 2024-07-14 "Harakit X.X.X"
.SH NAME
mm \(en middleman
.\"
.SH SYNOPSIS
mm
.RB ( -aenu )
.RB ( -i
.RB [ input ])
.RB ( -o
.RB [ output ])
.RB [ -aetu ]
.RB [ -i\ input ]
.RB [ -o\ output ]
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
Mm catenates input files and writes them to the start of each output file.
Catenate input files and write them to the start of each output file or stream.
.\"
.SH OPTIONS
Mm, upon receiving the
.B -a
option, will open subsequent outputs for appending rather than updating.
.PP
The
.B -i
option opens a path as an input. Without any inputs specified mm will use
standard input. Standard input itself can be specified by giving the path '-'.
.PP
The
.B -o
option opens a path as an output. Without any outputs specified mm will use
standard output. Standard output itself can be specified by giving the
path '-'. Standard error itself can be specified with the
.IP \fB-a\fP
Opens outputs for appending rather than updating.
.IP \fB-e\fP
Use the standard error as an output.
.IP \fB-t\fP
Causes outputs to be overwritten instead of being truncated.
.IP \fB-u\fP
Ensures neither input or output will be buffered.
.IP \fB-i\fP\ \fIinput\fP
Opens a path as an input. If one or more of the input files is \(lq-\(rq or if
no inputs are specified, the standard input shall be used. If specified as the
last option and if there are trailing arguments to the program, they shall be
appended to the list of files to use as inputs.
.IP \fB-o\fP\ \fIoutput\fP
Opens a path as an output. If one or more of the output files is \(lq-\(rq or if
no outputs are specified and the
.B -e
option.
.PP
The
.B -u
option ensures neither input or output will be buffered.
.PP
The
.B -n
option tells mm to ignore SIGINT signals.
option is not specified, the standard output shall be used. If specified as the
last option and if there are trailing arguments to the program, they shall be
appended to the list of files to use as outputs.
.\"
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
If an output can no longer be written mm prints a diagnostic message, ceases
writing to that particular output, and if there are more outputs specified,
continues, eventually exiting unsuccessfully.
.PP
On error mm prints a diagnostic message and exits with the appropriate
sysexits.h(3) status.
.SH BUGS
Mm does not truncate existing files, which may lead to unexpected results.
If an output cannot be written to, an error occurs; however, exiting will be
deferred until writing to any other specified outputs completes.
When an error is encountered, a diagnostic message is printed and the program
exits with the appropriate
.BR sysexits.h (3)
status.
.\"
.SH RATIONALE
Mm was modeled after the cat and tee utilities specified in POSIX.
The
.BR cat (1p)
and
.BR tee (1p)
programs specified in POSIX together provide similar functionality. The
separation of the two sets of functionality into separate APIs seemed
unncessary.
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2024 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
Copyright \(co 2024 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
<https://gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html>.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
cat(1p), dd(1), dj(1), tee(1p)
.BR cat (1p),
.BR dd (1),
.BR dj (1),
.BR tee (1p)

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@@ -1,68 +1,74 @@
.\" Copyright (c) 20232024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
.\" Copyright (c) 2023 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\" Copyright (c) 20232024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\"
.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
.TH npc 1
.\"
.TH NPC 1 2024-06-17 "Harakit X.X.X"
.SH NAME
npc \(en show non-printing characters
.\"
.SH SYNOPSIS
npc
.RB ( -eht )
.RB [ -et ]
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
Npc reads from standard input and writes to standard output, replacing non-
printing characters with printable equivalents. Control characters print as a
carat ('^') followed by the character '@' through '_' corresponding to the
character replaced (e.g. control-X becomes "^X"). The delete character (0x7F)
becomes "^?". Characters with the high bit set (>127) are printed as "M-"
Print normally non-printing characters.
The program reads from standard input and writes to standard output, replacing
non-printing characters with printable equivalents. Control characters print as
a carat ('^') followed by the character '@' through '_' corresponding to the
character replaced (e.g. control-X becomes '^X'). The delete character (0x7F)
becomes '^?'. Characters with the high bit set (>127) are printed as 'M-'
followed by the graphical representation for the same character without the
high bit set.
.PP
The
.B -e
option prints a currency sign ('$') before each line ending.
.PP
The
.B -t
option prints tab characters as "^I" rather than a literal horizontal tab.
.\"
.SH OPTIONS
.IP \fB-e\fP
Prints a dollar sign ('$') before each newline.
.IP \fB-t\fP
Prints tab characters as '^I' rather than a literal horizontal tab.
.\"
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
Npc prints a debug message and exits with the appropriate sysexits(3) error
code in the event of an error, otherwise it exits successfully.
In the event of an error, a debug message will be printed and the program will
exit with the appropriate
.BR sysexits.h (3)
error code.
.\"
.SH BUGS
Npc operates in single-byte chunks regardless of intended encoding.
The program operates in single-byte chunks regardless of intended encoding.
.\"
.SH RATIONALE
POSIX currently lacks a way to display non-printing characters in the terminal
using a standard tool. A popular extension to cat(1p), the -v option, is the
bandage solution GNU and other software suites use.
This functionality should be a separate tool because its usefulness extends
beyond that of cat(1p).
using a standard tool. A popular extension to
.BR cat (1p),
the
.B -v
option, is the bandage solution GNU and other software suites use.
This functionality is included in a separate tool because its usefulness extends
beyond that of
.BR cat (1p).
.\"
.SH AUTHOR
Written by DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>.
Written by DTB
.MT trinity@trinity.moe
.ME .
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2023 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
<https://gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html>.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
cat(1p), cat-v(1)
.BR cat (1p),
.BR cat-v (1),
.I UNIX Style, or cat -v Considered Harmful
by Rob Pike

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@@ -3,68 +3,84 @@
.\"
.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
.TH rpn 1
.\"
.TH RPN 1 2024-06-17 "Harakit X.X.X"
.SH NAME
rpn \(en reverse polish notation evaluation
.\"
.SH SYNOPSIS
rpn
.RB [numbers...]\ [operators...]
.RB [ numbers... ]
.RB [ operators... ]
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
Rpn evaluates reverse polish notation expressions either read from the standard
input or parsed from provided arguments. See the STANDARD INPUT section.
Evaluate reverse polish notation.
Upon evaluation, rpn will print the resulting number on the stack to the
standard output. Any further specified numbers will be placed at the end of the
The program evaluates reverse polish notation expressions read either from the
standard input or parsed from provided arguments. See the STANDARD INPUT
section.
Upon evaluation, the resulting number on the stack will be printed to the
standard output. Any further numbers specified will be placed at the end of the
stack.
For information on for reverse polish notation syntax, see rpn(7).
For information on for reverse polish notation syntax, see
.BR rpn (7).
.\"
.SH STANDARD INPUT
If arguments are passed to rpn, it interprets them as an expression to be
evaluated. Otherwise, it reads whitespace-delimited numbers and operations from
If arguments are specified, they are interpreted as an expression to be
evaluated. Otherwise, whitespace-delimited numbers and operations are read from
the standard input.
.\"
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
If encountering a syntax error, rpn will exit with the appropriate error code
as defined by sysexits.h(3) and print an error message.
In the event of an error, a debug message will be printed and the program will
exit with the appropriate
.BR sysexits.h (3)
error code; however, in the event of a syntax error, the program will print an
error message and continue accepting input.
.\"
.SH CAVEATS
Due to precision constraints and the way floats are represented in accordance
with the IEEE Standard for Floating Point Arithmetic (IEEE 754), floating-point
arithmetic has rounding errors. This is somewhat curbed by using the
machine epsilon as provided by the Rust standard library to which to round
numbers. Because of this, variation is expected in the number of decimal places
rpn can handle based on the platform and hardware of any given machine.
with the
.I IEEE Standard for Floating Point Arithmetic
(\fIIEEE 754\fP), floating-point arithmetic has rounding errors. This is
somewhat curbed by using the machine epsilon as provided by the Rust standard
library to which numbers are rounded. Because of this, variation is expected in
the number of decimal places the program can handle based on the platform and
hardware of any given machine.
.\"
.SH RATIONALE
An infix notation calculation utility, bc(1p), is included in the POSIX
standard, but does not accept expressions as arguments; in scripts, any
predefined, non-interactive input must be piped into the program. A dc(1)
pre-dates the standardized bc(1p), the latter originally being a preprocessor
for the former, and was included in UNIX v2 onward. While it implements reverse
polish notation, it still suffers from being unable to accept an expression as
an argument.
An infix notation calculation utility,
.BR bc (1p),
is included in the POSIX standard, but does not accept expressions as arguments;
in scripts, any predefined, non-interactive input must be piped into the
program. A
.BR dc (1)
pre-dates the standardized
.BR bc (1p),
the latter originally being a preprocessor for the former, and was included in
Second Edition UNIX and onward. While it implements reverse polish notation, it
still suffers from being unable to accept an expression as an argument.
.\"
.SH AUTHOR
Written by Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>.
Written by Emma Tebibyte
.MT emma@tebibyte.media
.ME .
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2024 Emma Tebibyte. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
<https://gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html>.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
bc(1p), dc(1), rpn(7), IEEE 754
.BR bc (1p),
.BR dc (1),
.BR rpn (7),
.I IEEE 754

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@@ -1,93 +1,86 @@
.\" Copyright (c) 2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
.\" Copyright (c) 2024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\"
.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
.TH scrut 1
.\"
.TH SCRUT 1 2024-06-06 "Harakit X.X.X"
.SH NAME
scrut \(en scrutinize file properties
.SH SYNOPSIS
scrut
.RB ( -bcdefgkprsuwxLS )
.RB [ file... ]
.RB [ -LSbcdefgkprsuwx ]
.B file...
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
Scrut determines if given files comply with the opted requirements.
Determine if files comply with requirements. If the given files comply with the
specified requirements, the program will exit successfully. Otherwise, it exits
unsuccessfully.
.\"
.SH OPTIONS
.B -b
requires the given files to exist and be block special files.
.PP
.B -c
requires the given files to exist and be character special files.
.PP
.B -d
requires the given files to exist and be directories.
.PP
.B -e
requires the given files to exist, and is redundant to any other option.
.PP
.B -e
requires the given files to exist and be regular files.
.PP
.B -g
requires the given files to exist and have their set group ID flags set.
.PP
.B -k
requires the given files to exist and have their sticky bit set.
.PP
.B -p
requires the given files to exist and be named pipes.
.PP
.B -r
requires the given files to exist and be readable.
.PP
.B -u
requires the given files to exist and have their set user ID flags set.
.PP
.B -w
requires the given files to exist and be writable.
.PP
.B -x
requires the given files to exist and be executable.
.PP
.B -L
requires the given files to exist and be symbolic links.
.PP
.B -S
requires the given files to exist and be sockets.
.IP \fB-L\fB
Requires the given files to exist and be symbolic links.
.IP \fB-S\fP
Requires the given files to exist and be sockets.
.IP \fB-b\fP
Requires the given files to exist and be block special files.
.IP \fB-c\fP
Requires the given files to exist and be character special files.
.IP \fB-d\fP
Requires the given files to exist and be directories.
.IP \fB-e\fP
Requires the given files to exist, and is redundant to any other option.
.IP \fB-f\fP
Requires the given files to exist and be regular files.
.IP \fB-g\fP
Requires the given files to exist and have their set group ID flags set.
.IP \fB-k\fP
Requires the given files to exist and have their sticky bit set.
.IP \fB-p\fP
Requires the given files to exist and be named pipes.
.IP \fB-r\fP
Requires the given files to exist and be readable.
.IP \fB-u\fP
Requires the given files to exist and have their set user ID flags set.
.IP \fB-w\fP
Requires the given files to exist and be writable.
.IP \fB-x\fP
Requires the given files to exist and be executable.
.\"
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
.SH EXIT STATUS
When invoked incorrectly, a debug message will be printed and the program will
exit with the appropriate
.BR sysexits.h (3)
error code.
.\"
.SH RATIONALE
Scrut prints a debug message and exits unsuccessfully with the appropriate
sysexits.h(3) error code if invoked incorrectly. Scrut exits successfully if
the given files comply with their requirements and unsuccessfully otherwise.
.SH STANDARDS
Scrut is nearly compatible with POSIX's test utility though it is narrower in
scope. Notably, the
The
.BR test (1p)
utility contains functionality that was broken out into separate programs. Thus,
the scope of this program is narrower than it. Notably, the
.B -h
option is now invalid and therefore shows usage information instead of being an
alias to the modern
.B -L
option.
.\"
.SH AUTHOR
Written by DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>.
Written by DTB
.MT trinity@trinity.moe
.ME .
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2024 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
Copyright \(co 2024 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
<https://gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html>.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
access(3p), lstat(3p), test(1p)
.BR access (3p),
.BR lstat (3p),
.BR test (1p)

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@@ -1,62 +1,75 @@
.\" Copyright (c) 20232024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
.\" Copyright (c) 2023 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\" Copyright (c) 20232024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\"
.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
.TH STRCMP 1
.\"
.TH STRCMP 1 2024-07-15 "Harakit X.X.X"
.SH NAME
strcmp \(en compare strings
.\"
.SH SYNOPSIS
strcmp
.RM [ string ]
.RB [ strings... ]
.B string string...
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
Strcmp checks whether the given strings are the same.
Strcmp exits successfully if the strings are identical. Otherwise, strcmp exits
with the value 1 if an earlier string has a greater byte value than a later
string (e.g.
.R strcmp b a
)
and 255 if an earlier string has a lesser byte value (e.g.
.R strcmp a b
).
Check whether string arguments are the same.
.\"
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
Strcmp will print an error message and exit unsuccessfully with a status
described in sysexits(3) if used incorrectly (given less than two operands).
The program will exit successfully if the strings are identical. Otherwise, it
will exit with an error code less than 128 if a string passed has a lesser byte
value than one of the prior strings:
.SH UNICODE
.RS
strcmp b a
.RE
Strcmp will exit unsuccessfully if the given strings are not identical;
Unicode strings may need to be normalized if the intent is to check visual
similarity and not byte similarity.
or with an error code greater than 128 if it has a greater byte value than one
of the prior strings:
.RS
strcmp a b
.RE
When invoked incorrectly, a debug message will be printed and the program will
exit with the appropriate
.BR sysexits.h (3)
error code.
.\"
.SH CAVEATS
The program will exit unsuccessfully if the given strings are not identical;
therefore, Unicode strings may need to be normalized if the intent is to check
visual similarity and not byte similarity.
.\"
.SH RATIONALE
The traditional tool for string comparisons in POSIX and other Unix shells has
been test(1). This tool also handles integer comparisons and file scrutiny.
These parts of its functionality have been broken out into multiple utilities.
Strcmps functionality may be performed on a POSIX-compliant system with
test(1p).
been
.BR test (1).
This tool also handles integer comparisons and file scrutiny. These parts of its
functionality have been broken out into multiple utilities.
This program\(cqs functionality may be performed on a POSIX-compliant system
with
.BR test (1p).
.\"
.SH AUTHOR
Written by DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>.
Written by DTB
.MT trinity@trinity.moe
.ME .
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2023 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
Copyright \(co 2023 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
<https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
strcmp(3), intcmp(1), scrut(1), test(1p)
.BR strcmp (3),
.BR intcmp (1),
.BR scrut (1),
.BR test (1p)

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@@ -1,71 +1,75 @@
.\" Copyright (c) 2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
.\" Copyright (c) 2024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\"
.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
.TH swab 1
.\"
.TH SWAB 1 2024-06-17 "Harakit X.X.X"
.SH NAME
swab \(en swap bytes
.\"
.SH SYNOPSIS
swab
.RB ( -f )
.RB ( -w
.R [
.B word size
.R ])
.RB [ -w\ word_size ]
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
.SH USAGE
Swab swaps the latter and former halves of a block of bytes.
Swap the latter and former halves of a block of bytes.
.\"
.SH OPTIONS
.IP \fB-w\fP\ \fIword_size\fP
Configures the word size; that is, the size in bytes of the block size on which
to operate. The default word size is 2. The word size must be cleanly divisible
by 2, otherwise the block of bytes being processed can\(cqt be halved.
.\"
.SH EXAMPLES
The following sh(1p) line:
The following
.BR sh (1p)
line:
.R printf 'hello world!\n' | swab
.RS
printf 'hello world!\(rsn' | swab
.RE
.\" If you change this, make sure to change it in tests/bonsai/swab.mk too.
Produces the following output:
.R ehll oowlr!d
.SH OPTIONS
The
.B -f
option ignores system call interruptions.
.PP
The
.B -w
option configures the word size; that is, the size in bytes of the block size
on which to operate. By default the word size is 2. The word size must be
cleanly divisible by 2, otherwise the block of bytes being processed can't be
halved.
.RS
ehll oowlr!d
.RE
.\"
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
If an error is encountered in input, output, or invocation, a diagnostic
message will be written to standard error and swab will exit with the
appropriate status from sysexits.h(3).
In the event of an error, a debug message will be printed and the program will
exit with the appropriate
.BR sysexits.h (3)
error code.
.\"
.SH RATIONALE
Swab was modeled after the
.R conv=swab
functionality specified in the POSIX dd utility but additionally allows the
word size to be configured.
.PP
Swab is useful for fixing the endianness of binary files produced on other
machines.
This program was modeled and named after the
.B conv=swab
functionality specified
in the
.BR dd (1p)
utility. It additionally allows the word size to be configured.
This functionality is useful for fixing the endianness of binary files produced
on other machines.
.\"
.SH AUTHOR
Written by DTB
.MT trinity@trinity.moe
.ME .
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2024 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
Copyright \(co 2024 DTB. License AGPLv3+: GNU AGPL version 3 or later
<https://gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html>.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
dd(1p)
.BR dd (1p)

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@@ -1,35 +1,36 @@
.\" Copyright (c) 2022, 2024 DTB <trinity@trinity.moe>
.\" Copyright (c) 2023 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\" Copyright (c) 20232024 Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>
.\"
.\" This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To see a copy of this license,
.\" visit <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
.TH TRUE 1
.\"
.TH TRUE 1 2024-06-06 "Harakit X.X.X"
.SH NAME
true \(en do nothing, successfully
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
True does nothing regardless of operands or standard input.
True will always return an exit code of 0.
Do nothing regardless of operands or standard input. An exit code of 0 will
always be returned.
.\"
.SH RATIONALE
True exists for the construction of control flow and loops based on a success.
True functions as described in POSIX.1-2017.
In \fIPOSIX.1-2017\fP,
.BR true (1p)
exists for the construction of control flow and loops based on a success. This
implementation functions as described in that standard.
.\"
.SH AUTHOR
Written by Emma Tebibyte <emma@tebibyte.media>.
Written by Emma Tebibyte
.MT emma@tebibyte.media
.ME .
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
This work is marked with CC0 1.0. To see a copy of this license, visit
<http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0>.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
false(1p)
.BR false (1p),
.BR true (1p)