28 lines
2.5 KiB
Markdown
28 lines
2.5 KiB
Markdown
## Genetics
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#### Race is an arbitrary social category: there is more differentiation among members of a race than between races. This is backed up by a consensus among anthropology researchers and experts.
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* [Yu et al. 02](https://www.genetics.org/content/161/1/269)
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* **There are larger genetic differences within african populations than between africans and eurasians**
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* In other words, race does not indicate significant genetic differences and is only phenotypic in nature.
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* [Witherspoon et al. 07](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1893020/)
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* Further explores **human genetic similarities** between and within races.
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* Research comes to the **same conclusion:** _“Most human genetic variation is found within populations, not between them”_
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* [Harvard: Chou 17](http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/science-genetics-reshaping-race-debate-21st-century/)
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* A further look at what studies say about genetic variation
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* [Stanford 02](https://web.stanford.edu/group/rosenberglab/papers/popstruct.pdf)
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* **Only 7.4%** of over 4000 alleles were specific to one geographical region
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* Even when region-specific alleles did appear, they **only occurred in about 1% of the people** from that region—hardly enough to be any kind of trademark
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* [Stanford](https://rosenberglab.stanford.edu/supplements/popstructSupp.pdf)
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* Over **92% of alleles were found in two or more regions**, and almost half of the alleles studied were present in all seven major geographical regions.
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* The observation that the vast majority of the alleles were shared over multiple regions, or even throughout the entire world, points to the **fundamental similarity of all people** around the world—an idea that has been supported by many other studies
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* [Wagner et al. 12](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5299519/)
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* Assessment of anthropological experts on race
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* The study finds a **broad consensus** in the field of anthropology that **race is a social category**, not a biologically significant one.
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* [ American Society of Human Genetics 18](https://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(18)30363-X)
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* A look into the academic consensus on race in the field of genetics
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* _“Genetics demonstrates that humans **cannot be divided** into biologically distinct subcategories.”_
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* _“Most human genetic variation is **distributed as a gradient**, so distinct boundaries between population groups cannot be accurately assigned.”_
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